The purpose of the current research was to investigate the obstacles to the implementation of school-based management in Iran's educational system based on the interpretive structural modeling approach. The research method was a modeling study. The statistical population of the research was specifically the academic staff members of the university, 25 of whom were purposefully selected from the desired cases. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-interactive questionnaire. In order to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the criterion of content validity was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was 0.96. The data analysis was done with interpretive structural modeling method. The results of the research showed that 9 factors play a role as barriers to school-oriented management. Also, the results showed that financial obstacles (the cost of school-oriented management), socio-cultural obstacles and political obstacles (political focus on schools by the central government) as key independent variables have high influence power and low dependence. Also, the results showed that the lack of belief in the professional competence of school administrators, the lack of infrastructure facilities, the emphasis of upper management on the supervision and control of schools, and the lack of cooperation of local communities with school-based management as the linking variables with the greatest power of influence and the greatest power of dependence. and the centralism in the education system of the country and the lack of legal powers to school managers and staff as dependent variables have high dependency power and low influence power.

Flooding is one of the most devastating natural disasters occurring annually in the Philippines. A call for a solution for this malady is very challenging as well as crucial to be addressed. Mapping flood hazard is an effective tool in determining the extent and depth of floods associated with hazard level in specified areas that need to be prioritized during flood occurrences. Precedent to the production of maps is the utilization of reliable and accurate topographic data. In the present study, the performance of 3 digital elevation models having different resolution was evaluated with the aid of flood modeling software such as hydrologic engineering centre-hydrologic modeling system and hydrologic engineering centre-river analysis system. The two-dimensional models were processed using three different digital elevation models, captured through light detection and ranging, interferometric synthetic aperture radar, and synthetic aperture radar technologies, to simulate and compare the flood inundation of 5-, 25-100-year return periods. The accuracy of the generated flood maps was carried out using statistical analysis tools-Overall accuracy, F-measure and root-mean-squareerror. Results reveal that using light detection and ranging– digital elevation model, the overall accuracy of the flood map is 82. 5% with a fitness of 0. 5333 to ground-truth data and an error of 0. 32 meter in simulating flood depth which implies a promising performance of the model compared to other data sources. Thus, higher resolution digital elevation model generates more accurate flood hazard maps while coarser resolution over-predicts the flood extent.

Effective management of engineering changes in the Automotive industry is an essential ability in new product development, and products evolve in an environment with an iterative nature and increasing changes from the idea stage to the final product and shortening the life cycle of products and also the duration of product Launch from The idea-to-market stage is a severe requirement of a competitive environment. First, the complexity of the product development environment, the challenges of engineering changes and the need to control and governance its effects in a competitive environment in the vehicle development process are described. Then by literature review, an approach to modeling engineering change management using two hard and soft models has been introduced. in our modeling approach, the assumptions of cybernetics and system dynamics approaches have been practiced in building causal loop diagrams that integrated SOFT effects with HARD dimension parameters. Using this approach to develop simulation scenarios, strategic managers have better insight into effective management of engineering changes to find appropriate policies configuration to control its effects in a competitive environment.

The ancient site of Tchogha Zanbil was a complex in the Elamite city of Dur Untash. It was protected inside three concentric walls. The ziggurat, temples and palaces and other urban facilities were inside the walls of the ancient city. Tchogha Zanbil is also famous because of its water technologies, especially the water system in the third enclosure of the ancient site. Roman Ghirshman (1895-1979) who carried out the main excavations at the site supposed that it was a water refinery system for the use of the city inhabitants. Nevertheless, the high altitude of the ancient city and the lack of evidence of the existence of a canal from the Karkheh River raise the question of the function and mechanism of this water system. The possibility of the system to have been a drainage system or a reservoir to save water is also precisely studied. Geological surveys of natural drainage paths, examination of the discharge of urban runoff, and biological and environmental studies were carried out. Documentation was carried out with a laser scanning system, as well as geophysical and hydrological surveys that were used to map the inner channels of the system. Finally, the studies show that the draining function can be a plausible hypothesis in view of hydraulic engineering for the Tchogha Zanbil water system.

The United Nations’ convention on desertification encourages the participating countries to introduce criteria for developing Early-Warning Systems (EWS) in order to monitor and assess desertification. The objective of the present study was to establish an EWS for desertification assessment in Kashan plain, Iran, using the methodology of practical and general applicability. Designing EWS requires a model to identify the influential criteria and areas vulnerable to desertification. The Kashan Plain’ s EWS relies on the Iranian Model for Desertification Potential Assessment (IMDPA) to establish desertification thresholds and generate desertification maps with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The EWS of Kashan plain was designed to calculate hydrologic (groundwater level and electric conductivity of groundwater indices) and climatic (precipitation, Transeau aridity, and drought indices) criteria and assess the degree of regional desertification. Afterwards, the desertification intensity maps of criteria and indices were produced and overlapped. The EWS was developed in areas most bound to be threatened by desertification. EWS quantifies desertification data and thresholds to issue desertification assessments and warnings for management purposes. In the next step, Client– Server program was designed based on an algorithm defined by Java programming language and implemented as a data collection, analysis, and response management system. Whenever the thresholds exceed the defined limits, warning messages can be sent via SMS or internet to relevant system managers for appropriate action.

The Zayanderud River basin supports vital economic and social functions in Iran, yet faces critical water security challenges. This study employs integrated modeling to investigate how climate and land use changes impact the hydrology of the Zayanderud basin. Using SWAT model, we successfully simulated streamflow, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency values of 0.58-0.71 during calibration and validation periods.. Downscaled CMIP5 projections indicate significant 21st-century warming, mainly in winter, and shifting precipitation patterns, influencing water availability. Predicted land use changes show a notable decrease in pasture area by 2060, accompanied by an increase in bare lands, as well as expansion of both rainfed and irrigated agriculture, leading to increased water demand. Through the incorporation of climate and land use projections, the SWAT model forecasts overall long-term increases in streamflow, though with expanding uncertainty reflecting heightened variability. Seasonally, there's an anticipated rise in winter flow and a decrease in summer flow. Detailed analysis of baseflow reveals similar trends, with winter peaks and summer reductions due to altered precipitation. Rising evapotranspiration due to warming and land use changes is also projected. These results underline the elevated risks of both severe low-flow periods and increased flooding. Urgent adaptive strategies are necessary to manage winter flows effectively while conserving water for drier periods to enhance resilience. This study's integration of robust hydrological modeling with climate and land use scenarios provides actionable insights for adapting the Zayanderud basin's water resources to intensifying hydroclimatic extremes under climate change. The methodologies provide transferable frameworks for sustainable water management globally.